Physics Lecture Demonstrations

Demonstrations suggested for the text
Fundaments of Physics, 6th edition, by
Halliday, Resnick, and Walker

First Semester
Chapters 1-21

Revised Sat Aug 31 19:07:41 2002


Chapter1--Measurement

M-a1a Meter Standard A replica of the platinum-iridium bar in Paris that was the international standard for length before 1960.
M-a6a Powers of Ten "Powers of Ten" is a 9 minute film spanning scales from the edge of the universe to the sub-atomic

Chapter2--Motion Along a Straight Line

M-c1b Linear Air Track: Position vs. Time A glider travels down the 5 m air track while evenly spaced photogates record the elapsed time. One can then plot the position versus time for the glider on an overhead. The track may be inclined for uniformly accelerated motion.
M-c2b Inclined Air Track Prop up one end on an air track and use photogates to time the glider's voyage.
M-c2a Dime and Feather Tube A penny and a feather fall freely inside a glass cylinder that can be evacuated.
M-c3a Timed Free Fall -- Lecture Hall A metal ball is dropped from 1m and then from 4m into a catch bucket; a precise digital timer records the time of flight for each fall. Suggested use: (a) Drop the metal ball from 1m into a catch bucket and note the time of fall. (b) Ask how long it will take for the ball to fall 4m. (c) Time the fall from 4m.

Chapter3--Vectors

M-a4a Magnetic Blackboard Vectors A set of magnet-backed vectors of lengths 3, 4, and 5 used to show vector addition on the blackboard.

Chapter4--Motion in Two and Three Dimensions

M-d6c Vertically Launched Ball on Cart A ball projected vertically upward from a wheeled cart falls back into the muzzle.
M-d6d Balls Shot and Dropped -- Lecture Hall A ball is dropped and simultaneously another is projected horizontally; they hit the floor at the same time.
M-d6e Shoot the Monkey An air-gun shoots at a monkey, released when the air-gun is fired; the bullet hits the monkey in mid-air.
M-d6g Range of a Gun Shoot at 45, then calculate 30 or 60 and place the target
M-d1f Balls on Rotating Disk A disc with two balls mounted at different radii rotates at varying speeds. A third ball may be placed in the center if disk is horizontally mounted. Both orbital and spin rotations may be seen.
M-c1a Tank on moving sheet A battery powered tank runs at constant speed on a moving paper to show how velocities add and subtract.
M-e1a Crossing the River A battery powered tank runs at constant speed on a sheet of paper that is pulled in a direction perpendicular to the tank's velocity.

Chapter5--Force and Motion -- I

M-f2a Inertia Masses A 100 g mass is suspended from a 1 kg mass which is suspended from a crossbar. A sharp downward pull breaks the lower thread; a slow pull the upper thread.
M-f2b Hammered Blocks The bottommost of a stack of blocks, when struck sharply, will slide to the side while the upper blocks remain in place.
M-f3a Glider on Level Air Track A glider on a level air track persists in gliding.
M-h1a Push Me Pull Me Carts Two people stand on roller carts and both pull on a rope or push with a long stick.
M-g1d Fan Propelled Cart Measure the final speed of a fan-propelled (constant acceleration) cart whose mass can be varied.
M-h1c 3rd Law with Scales Pull on two coupled spring scales with springs of equal or unequal strength.
M-g1c Atwood's Machine Two equal masses are hung from a pulley. A small amount of mass is transferred from one side to the other.
M-j3a Suspended Block A 1 kg mass rests on a 3-4-5 incline (e.g. incline angle = arctan(3/4)). Forces parallel and perpendicular to the incline will support the mass in mid-air when the incline is removed.
M-j3c Rope and three students Two large strong students pull on the ends of a rope and a small student pushes down in the middle.

Chapter6--Force and Motion -- II

M-k2a Friction Cars on Inclined Plane The static and dynamic forces required to move teflon-coated, rubber-coated, and wooden surfaced carts on an inclined plane are displayed on a spring scale.
F-c3c Coffee Filter Drop One coffee filter dropped from one meter and four coffee filters dropped from 2 meters hit the ground at the same time, demonstrating that the drag force is proportional to the square of the velocity
M-d5a Orbit Ball This consists of a large and a small ball attached to opposite ends of a string which passes through a metal handle. The light ball is twirled and the centripetal force is provided by the weight of the heavy ball.
M-d5c Swing the Bucket Swing a bucket of water in a vertical circle and then in a horizontal circle over your head.
M-d5e Chain Wheel A loop of chain is rotated very fast and then released onto the demo table, where it runs over obstacles while retaining its circular form.
M-d5m Tangential Velocity This demo uses an apparatus that rotates a ball on a string and that provides a means to cut the string while the ball is in flight.

Chapter7--Kinetic Energy and Work

M-m1a Pile Driver Drive a nail into a block of wood with a pile driver.
M-m2a Simple Pulley Show a simple pulley in equilibrium
M-m2b Compound Pulley Weights of a proportion of 5-to-1 are the equilibrium conditions for this compound pulley.
M-m2c Spring Launched Cart on Level Track A spring (of measurable spring constant) launches a cart (with measurable final veloctiy) on a level air track. Mass of cart can be varied.

Chapter8--Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy

M-m4a Bowling Ball Pendulum A bowling ball pendulum is pulled back until it touches the lecturer's nose and let go. The lecturer does not move.
M-m4b Galileo's Pendulum and Nail A pendulum started at the height of a reference line reaches the same height when its swing is intercepted by a post that effectively shortens the length of the pendulum.
M-m4c Loop the Loop A rolling ball must be released from a height equal to 2.7 times the radius of the loop.
M-m4f Spring-Launched Rolling Cart Predict the height to which a spring-compressed cart will rise on an inclined plane given the mass, spring constant, and amount of spring compression. Do the experiment.
M-d1e High road low road Two balls race, one down a slight incline and the other down an identical incline containing a valley.

Chapter9--Systems of Particles

M-j1a Determining Center of Mass Suspend a 2-dimensional shape from holes drilled near the edges, and use a plumb bob to find the center of gravity.
M-d4b Motion of an Extended Object A slab of foam has its center of mass marked with a black dot; this dot follows a parabolic path when the slab is thrown.
M-d4e Air Track Inchworm Two air track gliders coupled by a spring will oscillate about the center of mass that is marked by a flag.
M-n2c Spring apart Pasco carts Tripping the spring between two Pasco carts launches them in opposite directions; the cart masses may be varied.
M-h1b Tennis Ball Cannon A cannon mounted on an air track glider shoots out a tennis ball horizontallly.
M-n2a Fire extinguisher wagon Mount a fire extinguisher on a cart and take a ride.
M-n2b Water Rocket A toy rocket is launched twice, once when pumped up with air and once when pumped up with water.

Chapter10--Collisions

M-n1b Egg in sheet Throw an egg into a sheet held by two people.
M-r4a Happy and Unhappy Balls Two black rubber balls of about 1.5 cm diameter are dropped from a height simultaneously. One ball bounces high while the other barely rebounds. Great to pass around.
M-n3d Inelastic Collisions on Air Track Inelastic collisions between air track gliders of equal and/or unequal mass.
M-n3a Newton's Cradle Five adjacent metal balls on a bifilar suspension illustrate momentum conservation properties.
M-n3c Elastic Collisions on Air Track Elastic collisions between air track gliders of equal and/or unequal mass.

Chapter11--Rotation

M-q1a Inertia Wands Students twirl equal mass wands, one with the mass concentrated in the middle, the other with the mass concentrated at the ends.
M-j4a Torque Bar A long thin rid mounted perpendicular to a bar handle holds a 2 kg mass on a sliding collar.
M-q2a Whirlybird Two equal masses with adjustable positions are mounted on a radial bar fixed to a horizontal axis with a pulley. A weight on a string rotates the assembly.

Chapter12--Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum

M-q1b Ring versus Disk Race The Matched Disk and Ring are identical in diameter and mass. When rolled down the inclined plane, the disk wins the race due to its lower moment of inertia.
M-q1c Racing Disks Two disks of identical mass, one weighted in the center and the othe weighted at the rum, are rolled down an incline.
M-q1d Racing cylinders 3 Cylinders of identical mass and appearance accelerate down an incline at different rates.

M-q5d MITAC Gyroscope This motorized gyroscope, used in the teaching labs, is good for showing a gyroscope's directional constancy; can also show precession due to applied torques.
M-q5c Bicycle Wheel Gyro The bike wheel is hung from its axle by a wire attached to the ceiling; when spun the bike wheel illustrates gyroscope motion nicely.
M-q4f Collapsing Star Collapse a spinning suspended Hoberman Sphere into a small ball.
M-q4a Rotating Platform and Weights Spin on a rotating platform with a dumbbell in each hand.
M-q4b Swinging Bat on Rotating Platform Stand on a rotating platform initially at rest, and swing a bat or a mallet.
M-q4c Bike wheel on rotating platform Invert a spinning bicycle wheel while standing on a rotating platform.
M-q4d Rotating Platform and Mallet Rotate yourself one full revolution using a mallet.

Chapter13--Equilibrium and Elasticity

M-j2a Stable and Unstable Equilibria Two large rings each with two masses that have radially adjustable positions. By positioning both at same end, stable and unstable equilibrium can be shown.
M-j4b Equal Arm Balance Combinations of weights and distances on either side of the fulcrum of the equal arm balance may be selected to produce equilibrium. An oblique arm is used to show that the effective length of the lever arm is set by the component of the force.
M-j2b Tight Rope Walker The Tight Rope Walker consists of a pulley with four heavy lead weights on long semi-stiff wires symmetrically mounted around it. When placed on the "rope" (Cord), the weights hang down well under the rope, leaving the center of the Walker's mass below the rope and thus making it easy for the Walker to keep its balance.
M-j1b Photo: Pisa's Leaning Tower Digital image of the photo from Bloomberg's sixth floor of the Leaning Tower of Pisa. May be projected in the auditorium.
M-j1c Center of Gravity Blocks Stack blocks stairstep fashion at the edge of the table until the topmost block sticks out beyond the table edge.
M-j4c Mass on Bar between Scales A horizontal beam with a sliding 1 kg mass is hung between two spring scales.
M-k1b Ladder against a Wall Set a ladder against the wall and walk up the rungs until the ladder begins to slide.
M-r2c Poisson's Ratio The striped tube can be stretched to show lateral contraction with increasing length.
M-r3a Deformation of Solids The large book can be pushed perpendicular to the spine to show shear.
M-r3b Striped Tube Twist The striped tube can be twisted to show torsion.

Chapter14--Gravitation

M-l2a Gravitational Well A large fiberglass vortex-shaped cone is used to show circular and elliptical orbits and conservation of angular momentum.

Chapter15--Fluids

F-b2a Pascal's Vases Tubes of different geometries rise vertically out of a common reservoir of colored water.
F-b3a Crush the Can A vacuum pump evacuates a 1 gallon can; atmospheric pressure crushs the can.
F-b3b Magdeburg Disks Evacuate Magdeburg hemispheres and try to separate them.
F-b2f Hydraulic Press Break a piece of wood in a hydraulic press.
F-b4a Weigh Submerged Block A 2 kg Al cylinder, suspended from the 20 N spring scale, is lowered into water and the new weight is observed. Can also lower into oil for comparison
F-b4c water and oil "U" tube Water and oil rise to different heights in a "u" tube.
F-c2a Venturi Flowmeter Air flows through a restricted glass tube to the atmosphere; the pressure at different points of the tube is shown by manometers.
F-c2b Floating Ping Pong Ball A ping pong ball floats in an upward stream of air.
F-c2c Funnel and Ball A ping-pong ball is supported by air streaming out of an upside down funnel.
F-c2d Windbag Blow up an 8-foot long bag with one breath.
F-c2e Ping Pong Ball and Racket Use a ping pong racket to hit a curve ball using a 2-3" diameter styrofoam ball or a ping pong ball.

Chapter16--Oscillations

W-a2a Spring and Weight A mass hangs on the end of a spring. Using two springs of different k and a variety of masses, show the effect of varying k and m.
W-a2d Springs in Series and Parallel A spring with mass m, two identical springs in parallel with mass 2m, and two identical springs in series with mass m/2 oscillate with the same period.
W-a2c Air track glider and Spring Two identical air track carts are attached to (opposite) ends of an air track by means of two different springs. A mass may be added to either cart, and the dependence of the oscillation frequency on mass and on spring constant may be explored.
W-a1d Torsion Pendulum A steel cylinder is suspended by a steel music wire along its right axis. When the cylinder is displaced by rotation and released it will oscillate in simple harmonic motion.
W-a1a Simple Pendulum A bob on a string hanging from a stand exhibits simple harmonic motion for small angles.
W-a1b 4-to-1 Pendula One pendulum four times longer than a second oscillates with twice the period of the second.
W-a1c Different mass pendula Three pendula of different masses but the same length all oscillate with the same period.
W-a1e Pendula Amplitude Dependence Two identical simple pendula set in motion with different initial amplitudes, oscillate nonisochronically.
W-a4a Projected SHM Shadow project a ball mounted on a rotating disk.
W-a6a Tacoma Narrows Film A 4.40 minute video of the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge. Very impressive and memorable.
W-a6c Damped Driven Hanging Mass A mass, supported by a spring whose support is driven, vibrates against a solid screen; the drive amplitude, frequency and the screen angle can be varied.

Chapter17--Waves -- I

W-b1a Pulse on 1.9m spring Give the 1.9 m spring a quick pulse. The length and/or tension in the spring can be varied. Better than rope!
W-b1b Pulse Propagation (Inertia) Excite each of the three torsional transverse wave machines by hand to show how the wave speed varies as the inertia of the medium (the rod lenght) varies.
W-b2a Hanging Slinky A long slinky is supported on a bifilar suspension, and the ends are taped to the lab stands, for showing longitutinal wave properties with minimal friction.
W-b2p Superposition of Pulses Send pulses simultaneously down both ends of the 1.9 m spring to show the addition of amplitudes.
W-b1c Shive's Reflection at a barrier Send pulses down a Shive wave model machine with the other end free, then fixed.
W-b2k Joined spring and cord The 1.9 m spring is attached to a rubber cord; pulses started at one end will produce both transmitted and reflected pulses.
W-b7a Coupled Tuning Forks Strike one of two matched tuning forks mounted on resonant boxes and the other vibrates too.
W-d2a Guitar Hanging weights on the end of a "guitar" can be varied to "tune" the guitar to a desired pitch.
W-d3a Resonant Tube A long tube is rolled in front of a speaker driven by a sine wave generator to show resonance. A microphone probe shows pressure variations on the o-scope.
W-d3b Organ Pipe A closed-end, square wood organ pipe of adjustable length.
W-d3c Trombone A student-class trombone illustrates the effect of pipe length on resonant frequencies.
W-d4c Chladni Plates A driven Chladni plate covered with sand shows standing wave patterns.

Chapter18--Waves -- II

W-b3a Bell in a Vacuum An alarm buzzer is suspended inside an evaculated bell jar, turned on, and the bell jar is evaculated. When air is let back into the jar, the sound returns.
W-b5c Two Points in Ripple Tank Two point source generators of ripples show interference patterns in the ripple tank on the overhead projector.
W-b5d Double Slits in Ripple Tank A plane wave impinges on a barrier with two slits in the ripple tank on the overhead projector.
W-b5b Moire Pattern Transparancies Transparancies with identical concentric circular patterns are placed on top of each other with a slight offset.
W-b5e Two-Speaker Bar A 2 meter long bar with a speaker at each end produces auditory interference patterns.
W-b5f Baffle and Speaker Listen to a single bare speaker, then surround it by a baffle.
W-c5a Pasco Fourier Synthesizer Construct, hear, and see waveforms built from the 440 Hz fundamental and up to eight harmonics.
W-b6a Beats with Tuning Forks Two tuning forks of identical frequency are mounted on resonant enclosures; when a small piece of wax is attached to one, beats can be heard.
W-b6b Beats on Scope Two audio signals are fed through a summing amplifier and the result is presented on the oscilloscope and a speaker.
W-b4a Doppler Buzzer Swing a small battery powered buzzer on the end of a string in a circle over your head.
W-b4b Doppler in Ripple Tank Move the wave generator back and forth in the ripple tank.

Chapter19--Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics

H-e3a Constant Volume bulb The constant volume bulb is filled with helium at room temperature and pressure, then sealed. It is then immersed in boiling water, ice water, and liquid nitrogen (or in a alcohol/acetone bath).
H-a3a Bimetallic Strip Strips of dissimilar metals bonded together bend when heated. Makes a nice thermometer.
H-a3b Ball and Ring The Ball will pass through the hole in the brass plate (termed the ring) when both are at room temperature. When the ball is heated with the torch it expands and will not pass through the ring.
H-e1a Balloons in liquid nitrogen Liquid nitrogen is poured over an air-filled balloon until it collapses.

H-b1a Equipartition Theorem The heat capacity of a 1 kg steel mass is measured by calorimetry.
H-b1b Metals Sinking into Wax Hot copper, lead, and aluminum cylinders at a common temperature are placed on a wax block.
H-b2a Convection Tube One side of a glass tube loop is heated while a drop of ink is inserted in the other side.
H-b3a Melting Wax on Rods Three metal rods (Cu, Al, Steel), with wax mounted on the ends of each, radiate horizontally from a central heated disk. This is a race to see which melts first.
H-b4b Light the Match A match at the focus of one parabolic mirrir is lit by a heating element at the focus of another parabolic mirror.
H-d2a Crookes' radiometer Light shining on the "radiometer" makes the vanes spin, but in a direction opposite to that expected for light absorption and reflection.

Chapter20--The Kinetic Theory of Gases

H-d1a Brownian Motion The Brownian movement of smoke particles in air is projected onto a screen or wall for all to see.
H-d3a Vertical Molecular Motion Simulator
H-c3b Cryophorus When one end of a glass tube with bulbs at each end containing water is placed in liquid nitrogen, the water at the other end starts to freeze.
H-b7a Fire Syringe A small (2mm x 2mm) piece of tissue is put at the bottom of the "fire torch," a clear glass cylinder that is closed at one end. When a plunger is inserted into the open end and rapidly pressed inwards, the tissue bursts into flames.

Chapter21--Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

H-f3a Stirling Engine An excellent, simple, working model of the Stirling engine.


Physics Lecture Demonstrations at the Department of Physics and Astronomy
The Johns Hopkins University