induced voltage

in: a complete circuit of resistance carrying an induced current

is: the voltage [P4.4]

is described: in magnitude by Faraday's law: where is the rate of change of the flux linkage through the relevant closed circuit. [P4.4]

is described: in polarity by Lenz's law, which says that the induced voltage will act to oppose the change that caused it. (For this reason it is sometimes said to be a back voltage or back e.m.f.) [P4.4]

may be determined in more general situations: e.g. between the ends of a conductor moving through a magnetic field, so that it cuts magnetic flux at the rate by applying Faraday's law and Lenz's law, or by using the Lorentz force law. [P4.4]